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= = flat =*Affirmative**=

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Contention one—(Inner)Space


 * What is space? What is its purpose? Who owns it?**


 * In a globalized world, the way we answer these questions effects and shapes the way we think about terrestrial based polotics. Space is both a blank canvas and a mirror—how we theorize space can aid or abet our thinking about sovereignty, cooperation, and violence**
 * Stuart 2009** [Jill, Dr . Jill Stuart is LSE Fellow in Global Politics in the Department of Government at the London School of Economics and Political Science, “Unbundling Sovereignty, Territory, and the State in Outer Space”, from //Securing Outer Space,// edited by Bormann and Sheehan]

**Sadly, the radical potential to think differently about space and sovereignty has been hijacked by militarization. This is not just a militarization of OUTER space—it is also a militarization of our INNER space. Status quo politics and rhetoric is an attempt to militarize both space and the American psyche in order to maintain imperial dominance.** **Orr 04,** Jackie Orr, from the department f sociology at Syracuse University, “The Militarization of Inner Space,” //Critical Sociology,// March 2004, volume 2, issue 30, pg. 451-481. This militarized mindset is a primary cause of genocidal violence—a politics based in bounded communities cannot result in anything save atrocities—it can only solve wars between like-minded people Archibugi 8 (2008, Daniele, “The Global Commonwealth of Citizens: Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy” Princeton University Press, Chapter 2 p. 41-43 SG)

And, moreover, this psychological emphasis on the nation and the individual community first can no longer solve problems in the world. Every existential threat humanity faces—war, terrorism, proliferation, population growth and total environmental collapse—can only be dealt with via true international cooperation. The psyche of the status quo makes all of these impacts inevitable ** Smith, 2003 ** [Rogers, Professor of Political Science at University of Pennsylvania and PhD Harvard University. Stories Of Peoplehood, The Politics and Morals of Political Membership, p. 166-169.]

Contention Two—Cosmopolitanism


 * Climate monitoring makes global cosmopolitanism an international necessity—the plan causes a shift in our collective mentalities.**
 * Stuart 2009** [Jill, Dr . Jill Stuart is LSE Fellow in Global Politics in the Department of Government at the London School of Economics and Political Science, “Unbundling Sovereignty, Territory, and the State in Outer Space”, from //Securing Outer Space,// edited by Bormann and Sheehan]


 * A focus on climate securitization creates a shift from traditional security discourse**
 * Dyer 8** [Dr. H.C. Dyer, School of Politics & International Studies (POLIS) @ University of Leeds, “The Moral Significance of 'Energy Security' and 'Climate Security” Paper presented at WISC 2nd Global International Studies Conference, ‘What keeps us apart, what keeps us together? International Order, Justice, Values’ http://www.wiscnetwork.org/ljubljana2008/getpaper.php?id=60]


 * That means climate monitoring is Necessary to produce and social change.**
 * Dyer 8** [Dr. H.C. Dyer, School of Politics & International Studies (POLIS) @ University of Leeds, “The Moral Significance of 'Energy Security' and 'Climate Security” Paper presented at WISC 2nd Global International Studies Conference, ‘What keeps us apart, what keeps us together? International Order, Justice, Values’ http://www.wiscnetwork.org/ljubljana2008/getpaper.php?id=60]


 * Climate monitoring is the __only__ project that is substantial enough to require global co-op. This causes a shift from the current militarized framework of space.**


 * UNOOSA NO DATE**** - ** UN for outer space affairs (“Addressing Climate Change”, www [|http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/oosa/en/ climatechange/index.html] AG)

**Moltz, 08 [**James Clay ,Associate Professor and Academic Associate for Security Studies,, Politics of Space Security]
 * Weaponisation is NOT inevitable, but __US action is key__—we need to take the first step towards international institutionalism**


 * And, now is key—we are at a tipping point. Either you vote aff to endorse a critical cosmopolitanism or you cede control of outer space to the neo-cons.**
 * Dickens and Ormrod 07 – Professors at the University of Essex** (Peter and James, August 2007, “Outer Space and Internal Nature: Towards a Sociology of the University” Sociology volume 41 number 4


 * we need to mix our focus between critical theory and problem-solving --- Only this focus on method generates social learning that avoids error replication and changes international politics.**
 * Widmaier, 2004** [Wesley W.. Department of Political Science, St. Joseph’s University. “Theory as a Factor and the Theorist as an Actor: The ‘‘Pragmatist Constructivist’’ Lessons of John Dewey and John Kenneth Galbraith,” International Studies Review 6.3,]

The Plan


 * The United States Federal government should substantially develop a network of cooperative, internationally accessible environmental monitoring satellites. We’ll clarify.**

=ST Marks Hoe Down= = =

Contention one is Cosmopolitanism
As well as considering ongoingeventsin outer space politics …….. sovereignty (perhaps further validating some approaches and undermining others).…..
 * What is space, what is its purpose, how we do know?**
 * The way we answer these questions affects the way we theorize space and how we theorize space aids in our terrestrial understanding of sovereignty, cooperation, and violence**
 * Stuart 9** [Jill, Dr . Jill Stuart is LSE Fellow in Global Politics in the Department of Government at the London School of Economics and Political Science, “Unbundling Sovereignty, Territory, and the State in Outer Space”, from //Securing Outer Space,// edited by Bormann and Sheehan]

**Status quo politics and rhetoric is an attempt to militarize both OUTER space and INNER SPACE (ie. the American psyche in order to maintain IMPERIAL dominance.** **Orr 04,** Jackie Orr, from the department f sociology at Syracuse University, “The Militarization of Inner Space,” //Critical Sociology,// March 2004, volume 2, issue 30, pg. 451-481.

The editorial warns: "This war against terrorism, should it come…. for the fight for less terrorizing future spaces. 10

Militarization of the inner space causes genocide. Archibugi 8 (2008, Daniele, “The Global Commonwealth of Citizens: Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy” Princeton University Press, Chapter 2 p. 41-43 SG)

I previously cited Karl Popper’s definition according to which democ- racy can allow ……..44 The risk of this is all the more fre- quent at the stage in which a given demo cratic community is being established……..

Lack of cooperation in the status quo makes all the negs impacts inevitable. It’s try or die for cosmopolitism. ** Smith, 2003 ** [Rogers, Professor of Political Science at University of Pennsylvania and PhD Harvard University. Stories Of Peoplehood, The Politics and Morals of Political Membership, p. 166-169.]

It is certainly important to oppose such evolutionary doctrines by all intellectually credible …… like David Held, Will Kymlicka, Iris Young, William Connolly, and Jurgen Habermas all envision……..

Threat construction is NOT inevitable – we CAN deconstruct threats. Lott 4 (Anthony, Associate Political Science Professor at St. Olaf College, “Creating Insecurity: Realism, Constructivism, and US Security Policy”, p. 90, AG) However insignificant the threat, rogues constitute a 'clear' boundary for ……requiring the state to re-conceptualize the boundary between Self and Other.…..


 * Realism is NOT inevitable. **
 * Reece et al 11 ** (Jane B. Reece, UC Berkeley, Lisa Urry, Mills College, CA, Michael Cain, Bowdoin College, Maine, Steven Wasserman, University of California, Peter Minorsky, Mercy College, NY, Robert Jackson, Duke University, North Carolina. “Evolution and Human Culture” Biology, AP, Ninth Edition, page 1138-39, ken)

The spectrum of human social behaviors may be influenced by ourgenetic makeup,……. . Perhaps it is our social and cultural institutions thatmake us distinct and that provide those qualities in which there is the least continuum between humans and other animals…….

Even if realism is inevitable it NOT a solvency deficit to the aff - also we no link your globalization arguments. Archibugi 4 (Daniele Archibugi, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK and ItalianNational Research Council, Italy, “Cosmopolitan Democracy and It’s Critics: A Review” p. 453-454 SG)

The disenchanted Realists remind us that the world’s mechanisms…….— all visionary! — who have supported and foughtfor its cause far before it could ever become possible…….

**Moltz, 08 [**James Clay ,Associate Professor and Academic Associate for Security Studies,, Politics of Space Security] A second and sharply contrasting perspective, developed around the time of the International Geophysical Year (lGY……. \ formal negotiations, legally binding agreements, and implementing organizations that have both resources and political clout."c8……..
 * Weaponization is NOT inevitable but US action is key.**

Thus the Plan
 * The United States Federal government should substantially develop a network of cooperative, internationally accessible environmental monitoring satellites.**

Contention Two is Solvency

 * Status quo climate monitoring is NOT sufficient - Ramping up Earth monitoring catalyzes effective international cooperation -- provides robust data that’s critical to policy changes. **

[James A., Director and Senior Fellow, Technology and Public Policy Program – CSIS, Sarah O. Ladislaw, Senior Fellow, Energy and National Security Program – CSIS, Denise E. Zheng, Congressional Staffer - Salary Data, “Earth Observation for Climate Change,” June, http://csis.org/files/publication/100608_Lewis_EarthObservation_WEB.pdf] There has been speculation for more than a century on how human activity …….. how climate research is incorporated into public policymaking.4……
 * Lewis et al., 2010 **

**Ivanova* and Esty** in 8 - ** *Assistant Professor of Government and Environmental Policy at The College of William and Mary and the Director of the Global Environmental Governance Project at the Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy, and **Hillhouse Professor of Environmental Law and Policy at Yale University (2008. “ Reclaiming U.S.
 * Only the US has the influence to mobilize global solutions.**

Leadership in Global Environmental Governance ” Vol 28 No. 2…….—even those related to protecting the planet…..


 * Multilateral efforts are key **
 * Wigbels et. al, 8** – (July 2008, Lyn Wigbels, senior associate of Technology and Public Policy program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, G. Ryan Faith, CSIS Human Space Exploration Initiative, Vincent Sabathier, senior associate with the CSIS Technology and Public Policy Program, Center for Strategic Studies, “Earth Observations and Global Change,” AG) GEOSS = GLOBAL EARTH OBSERVATION SYSTEM

International cooperation is essential for the creation of…… all nations that have or plan to have Earth observation programs……

Regime theory provides a manner of analysing sovereignty as de-linked from …….. "cosmology" are the same "cosmos", meaning "order" and "universe" ……..
 * That means Climate monitoring makes global cosmopolitanism an international necessity**
 * Stuart 2009** [Jill, Dr . Jill Stuart is LSE Fellow in Global Politics in the Department of Government at the London School of Economics and Political Science, “Unbundling Sovereignty, Territory, and the State in Outer Space”, from //Securing Outer Space,// edited by Bormann and Sheehan]


 * Not all forms of securitization are bad. A focus on climate securitization creates a shift away from traditional militarized security.**
 * Dyer 8****C**

[Dr. H.C. Dyer, School of Politics & International Studies (POLIS) @ University of Leeds, “The Moral Significance of 'Energy Security' and 'Climate Security” Paper presented at WISC 2nd Global International Studies Conference, ‘What keeps us apart, what keeps us together? International Order, Justice, Values’ []]

There is already considerable concern and cooperative activity, but it must also cope with predominately ……. **– including the socio-political-economic structures that influence our practices.** (15-20)…..

Contention Three—Framework
Methodological nationalism takes the following premises for granted: it equates ……..for the social and the political are emerging which have to be theoretically and empirically researched and elaborated ……..
 * The role of the ballot is to investigate __our phsycee__ before material or __empirical__ arguments rejecting nationalism creates a new research agenda that is critical in understanding the world and advancing cosmopolitanism.**
 * Beck and Sznaider, 2006** [Ulrich and Natan,. Professor of sociology at Munich's Ludwig-Maximilian University and the London School of Economics; and professor of sociology at the Academic College of Tel-Aviv-Yaffo, Israel. “Unpacking cosmopolitanism for the social sciences: a research agenda,” The British Journal of Sociology 57.1, Wiley InterSciences.]


 * we need to mix our focus between critical theory and problem-solving --- Only this focus on method generates social learning that avoids error replication and changes international politics.**
 * Widmaier, 2004** [Wesley W.. Department of Political Science, St. Joseph’s University. “Theory as a Factor and the Theorist as an Actor: The ‘‘Pragmatist Constructivist’’ Lessons of John Dewey and John Kenneth Galbraith,” International Studies Review 6.3,]

This realignment of debate also would contribute to a more engaged IR scholarshipif it led scholars to recognize that they themselves act as agents in such communicative interactions …… **theorists themselves as actors in****international politics** (Edwards 1990)……..

=***Negative***=

=**Space Mil**= =**European Union Counterplan**= The “European Approach” makes the EU the most qualified to engage in space R&D EC 10 (European Commission, “European Space Technology Platform,” EC, 2010, []) Taking into account Europe’s relatively modest ........................ harmonisation of the European effort is substantially higher than in other R&D related areas. And, Europe solves space exploration best – ISS knowledge acquisition, programs, and components are internationally recognized as the most credible Horneck 10 (Gerda- German Aerospace Center, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Coradini, Angioletta - Italian Institute of Physics of Interplanetary Space, Haerendel, Gerhard - Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Kallenrode, May-Britt - Professor at University of Osnabrück, Kamoun, Paul - Board Chairman of the European Association of Remote Sensing Companies (EARSC), Swings, Jean Pierre - The Department of Astrophysics, Geophysics and Oceanography, University of Liège, Tobias, Alberto- European Space Agency’s European Space Research and Technology Centre, Tortora, Jean-Jacques- EUROSPACE - The Association of European Space Industry, “Towards a European vision for space exploration: Recommendations of the Space Advisory Group of the European Commission,” “Space Policy” Volume 26 Issue 2, May 1, 2010, []) [Crystal Hou] So far European scientists have contributed to the exploration ................................. surfaces, if those bodies are used as a component of a European space exploration programme.

=**Terrocrats Pic**= =**Astropolotic K**= Embrace Critical Astropolitics—__refuse__ the 1AC’s endorsement of extending earthbound geopolitical concerns to outer space—this is __crucial__ to inject democratic accountability in space policy IV Critical astropolitics Two things should now be clear. First, outer space is ……………………………. __through which the knowledge of Mackinder and Mahan has become formalized.__
 * Macdonald, 7** – Professor of Human Geography at the University of Melbourne (Fraser, Anti-Astropolitik: Outer Space and the Orbit of Geography, Online) Progress in Human Geography, Oct2007, Vol. 31 Issue 5, p592-615

__“[E]very American is a soldier” now, declared George ……………………………….border operations____aimed at the____**organization of civil society for the production of violence.**__
 * The Alt is to reject the Affs endorsement of a dangerous astropolitik- This is key to stop the production of outer space as a sphere in which the U.S. must ensure full spectrum dominance which simultaneously produces a militarization of __inner space__, or domestic politics—the politics of the aff ensures a __never-ending war__ against alterity**
 * Orr, 4** – Professor of Sociology at Syracuse University (Jackie, The Militarization of Inner Space, Critical Sociology, Sage Journals)

=**Skfta DA**= =**Phsyco Analysis K**=